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Rule 18 and Room at the Mark

Pin Near Hazard

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Robert Pierce
Nationality: United States
Hello, friends!

I am not an official and only a recreational racer.  It would be a pleasure to see your thoughts on the following.

Scenario:  A starting pin that is a permanent red channel marker is located 20 feet from a white float warning of a sunken marine hazard thought to be 5 feet around. Racing boats are 35 feet long.  
A.            Please confirm/deny the correctness of the following decision tree.
Is the pin an obstruction?   If yes,
Is the pin a continuing obstruction?  If no,
Is the pin surrounded by navigable water?  If no,
Then Rule 18 applies at the pin.

B.             Please discuss whether under the facts the pin is actually a continuing obstruction and whether the pin is actually surrounded by navigable water.

C.             If Rule 18 applies under the above facts, please discuss whether Rule 18 can be “turned off” by defining the starting pin mark as “collectively the red channel marker and white float.”

Thank you.

Created: Yesterday 16:17

Comments

Format:
Phil Pape
Certifications:
  • National Judge
  • National Umpire
Read the preamble to Section C it may answer all of your questions
Created: Yesterday 16:36
Ant Davey
Nationality: United Kingdom
Certifications:
  • National Judge
  • International Judge
  • Umpire In Training
A and B: The pin is not an obstruction, it is a starting mark and mark of the course.
Neither is it a continuing obstruction.
As I live in France I willl give you the standard answer to everything : It depends. Is the water tidal? Does the white mark move significantly? How much water is there above the sunken marine hazard? How wide are these 35 feet long boats? Could any boat of that type, with a crew with an expected level of competence, manoeuvre in a seamanlike manner around the mark in any expected weather conditions/sea state?
C: RRS 86.1 A rule of Part 2 cannot be changed. To get around the whole issue, my preferred wording in the SIs would be along the lines of: No boat may cross a line between the starting mark (red channel marker) and the white float, in either direction.
Created: Yesterday 16:47
John Christman
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • International Umpire
  • Club Race Officer
  • National Judge
As Ant says 'it depends'.

Here are my thoughts:

A. Your logic isn't quite right.  If the pin is both a mark and an obstruction and is large enough to be a continuing obstruction then rule 18 does not apply per 18.1(a)(4) and the last sentence of 19.1.  It doesn't matter whether it is surrounded by navigable water.  Note the italics as you have to read the definitions for each carefully.

B. It depends on the size of the channel marker.
  • Something can be both an obstruction and a mark at the same time.  For example, this is generally true of the signal boat.  It can be both an obstruction per the definition of 'obstruction' and be a mark at the end of the starting line per the definition of 'mark'.  However, whether rules 18, 19, or 20 apply depends on whether boats are approaching it to start based on the preamble to Section C.
  • The pin does not likely meet the definition of a 'continuing obstruction'.
  • Whether the pin is surrounded by navigable water or not depends more on the surrounding geography.  A sunken hazard being roughly 5ft/2m in diameter and 20ft/6m away from the pin really isn't the determining factor.  Would boats be able to safely navigate around both items, even if they can't go between them?  If so, then it is surrounded by navigable water.  Replace the sunken hazard with an anchored mark set boat, what would your answer be then?

C. As Ant says, you cannot simply turn off rule 18 and default to rule 19 or 20.  If you create a new obstruction line between the pin and the hazard and prohibit boats from crossing that line as Ant describes, you are getting closer.  However, from the sizes you describe, the obstruction line may not be long enough to meet the definition of a continuing obstruction.


Created: Yesterday 17:22
Eric Rimkus
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
I think you’re asking the wrong questions; or at least in the wrong order.  

The red channel marker is a start mark, so the first question should be, “is it surrounded by navigable water or not?”
The hazard (5’ underwater obstruction) is 20’ away, so can a 35’ boat safely pass on either side of the start mark? Probably. So, if it’s decided that the start mark is surrounded by navigable water we can stop there because the Section C rules do not apply.
If the start mark is NOT surrounded by navigable water then R18 applies, the start mark is an obstruction, but that is irrelevant because of R19.1(a). 
Created: Yesterday 17:59
Jim Champ
Nationality: United Kingdom
Yes,
Almost certainly not, but the side of the channel may be.
Not enough information.

But just because something meets the definition of obstruction it doesnt necessarily mean the obstruction rules apply. Most marks are large enough to be obstructions.
Created: Yesterday 18:08
Robert Pierce
Nationality: United States
Thank you all.

Yes, my logic statement is murky in part because it is naturally read as "if and only if," but I did not mean that. 

Let me try to narrow down the issue I'm having. 

Let us set aside the question of obstruction/continuing obstruction. I think that question is (almost) a red herring because the pin/mark (or pin/mark/float combination) is almost certainly not a continuing obstruction. 

Let's just assume the critical question here for preamble purposes (as Eric says) is whether the pin/mark is surrounded by navigable water.  The answer to that is: "depends".  Got it.

But it would be much better if the racers had certainty about whether Rule 18 applies at this pin/mark.  And, I think most agree (not sure) that it is usually better for Rule 18 to NOT apply.  The SI's can be used to create certainty.  Oddly stated, perhaps, but the goal here is to use the text of the SIs to surround the pin/mark with navigable water.

I have a problem with Ant's proposed solution, which is to say in the SIs that boats may not cross an imaginary line between the pin/mark and the float.  In my mind, this does not solve the problem because the pin is still not surrounded by navigable water.  My proposed SI edit would include the float in the definition of pin/mark and thus make the pin/mark surrounded by navigable water.  

The pin is the pin.  The float is the float.  

Pretty wild stuff, but am I wrong?
Created: Yesterday 19:10
P
Beau Vrolyk
Forum Moderator
Nationality: United States
Racing on San Francisco Bay, we have numerous "exclusion zones" which create obstructions and continuing obstructions between things, these are defined by a line or set of lines that exclude boats from sailing through the area. They are obstructions by being included in a rule. Heaps of people call for "room" to tack at these created obstructions and continuing obstructions. (see: Definitions Obstructions and Continuing Obstruction) That said, we are careful to have the boundaries of these exclusion zones be far outside of the actual obstructions or continuing obstructions.

I don't think you wish to: "...include the float in the definition of pin/mark, thus make the pin/mark surrounded by navigable water." What constitutes "navigable water" depends on the boat and a number of other factors including sailing skill, sea state, hight of tide, etc... 

Rather, I'd suggest the NoR and the SIs reference the described white mark with a description of what it is alleged to be marking. I would probably include a statement along the lines of: "CAUTION: A white ball has been reported in the area of XXX longitude and YYY lattitude. It is reported to mark a sunken marine hazard. Competitors are alerted that it is near the Pin End of the starting line." I would also verbally mention this at the Competitor's Briefing.

I would not go further in an attempt to engineer the competitor's behavior, and thereby take some responsibility for a boat's safe navigation near a marine hazard.
Created: Yesterday 20:31
Tips
50 WIND
2026-05-23 - Jim Champ
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John Allan
Nationality: Australia
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
Reply to: 21459 - Robert Pierce
I have a problem with Ant's proposed solution, which is to say in the SIs that boats may not cross an imaginary line between the pin/mark and the float.  In my mind, this does not solve the problem because the pin is still not surrounded by navigable...
i agree that just making the line between the channel mark and the sunken object an obstruction won't solve the problem, because that line is too short to constitute a continuing obstruction, but it just makes it more certain that the channel mark/starting mark is not surrounded by navigable water, so Preamble to Section C doesn't switch off Section C, and RRS 18 applies.

I agree that defining/describing the starting mark to include the channel marker and the sunken object and the line between them will create a large starting mark which will be surrounded by navigable water, so Preamble to Section C will operate to switch off all mark-room and obstruction rules while starting.

There are disadvantages to having very large starting marks (although once upon a time we used to use whole battleships for starting vessels).  There used to be a whole section of RO training explaining disadvantages of using a large vessel at the pin.  Principally the disadvantage is that it creates a no-go zone around the precise end of the starting line, so at the least the length of the starting line needs to be increased to allow for this.
Created: Today 07:11
John Standley
Nationality: Australia
Certifications:
  • International Judge
I think you may be approaching this problem from the wrong angle. The RRS will never fully cover situations like this as there are too many 'it depends'. As with any risk management process the first step is if possible, remove the risk. So put the pin somewhere else and avoid all the issues.
Created: Today 01:16
Tips
50 WIND
Uhhh ... well ... yea
2026-05-24 - Angelo Guarino
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Angelo Guarino
Forum Moderator
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • Regional Judge
John S .. exactly.  Invest in an inflatable and some ground tackle and move the entire shooting-match down course 5-10 BL's.
Created: Today 12:14
Eric Rimkus
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
For sailing at the grassroots level you sometimes have to make do with what the venue offers and limits on manpower to set better courses. Just write the NoR/SI to designate that the start mark is not surrounded by navigable water. It is obvious when we run one end of a start off of a dock, pier or shoal that the Section C rules apply at the start. This scenario is less obvious, so do the work in advance and make it clear in the regatta documents. 
Created: Today 15:20
Mark Townsend
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • International Umpire
  • International Race Officer
  • International Judge
Robert here is my take on your question.

The white float marks a sunken marine hazard thought to be 5 feet around. It is an Obstruction as it is an object that a boat could not pass without changing course substantially, if she were sailing directly towards it and one of her hull lengths from it. Definition Obstruction.

The permanent red channel mark, which is being used as a starting mark, is both a mark and an obstruction. However, Section C rules do not apply between the boats with respect to the permanent red channel mark because it is a starting mark. Preamble Part 2 Section C.

The boats that are racing are 35ft long. The white float is within 1 boat length of the permanent red channel mark.

In the following scenarios I have assumed that the white float is abeam of the permanent red channel mark and outside of the starting line as diagramed below.

image.png
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The rules that apply vary slight depending upon how the boats are approaching the mark.

When approaching on port tack. 


Yellow is on port tack lay line to the permanent red channel mark and passing the sunken marine hazard to port. Blue is overlapped to windward and will need to make a substantial course change to avoid the sunken marine hazard safely. Yellow, the outside boat, does not give Blue, the inside boat, room between her and the obstruction.

Yellow the outside boat at the obstruction, failed to give Blue room to pass between her and the obstruction, despite being able to do so from the time the overlap began. Yellow broke RRS 19.2(b).

Yellow DSQ

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When approaching on starboard tack.


Yellow is on starboard tack lay line to the permanent red channel mark. Blue is overlapped to leeward  and will need to make a substantial course change to avoid the sunken marine hazard safely. Blue hails for 'room to tack' under rule 20.1(a). Yellow does not respond either by tacking as soon as possible, or by immediately replying ‘You tack’ and then giving the hailing boat room to tack and avoid her.

Yellow failed to tack as soon as possible after Blue hailed "Room to tack", as required by RRS 20.2(b) and (c).

Yellow DSQ
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It's beginning to look at lot like Christmas! 
Created: Today 01:55
Tips
200 WIND
2026-05-24 - Paul Zupan
Eric Rimkus
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
Mark;

I’m unclear from your description. At first you imply that the red channel mark is surrounded by navigable water (section C rules do not apply), but then in the scenario you make it appear that a boat can not pass between the start mark and the underwater obstruction 20’ away.

I think that we need to determine if the start mark is or is not surrounded by navigable water. If it is not, then shouldn’t RRS 18 govern?
Created: Today 04:03
Robert Pierce
Nationality: United States
I agree with Eric.

But Mark's diagram of the mark, float, and line are good.
Created: Today 05:02
Mark Townsend
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • International Umpire
  • International Race Officer
  • International Judge
In the examples I gave Yellow is disqualified for breaking rule 19 and 20 with respect to the sunken marine hazard. 

What difference does having the Section C rules apply to the permanent red channel mark make to the outcome?
Created: Today 05:28
Eric Rimkus
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
Mark;

In the first diagram of a port tack start, if the start mark is surrounded by navigable water blue sails between the red and white buoys and there is no foul. If the start mark is not surrounded by navigable water, DSQ yellow 18.2(a)(1). But the first step is to find a fact that the start mark is or is not surrounded by navigable water. 

In some conditions 17’ is plenty of room for a 35’ boat to safely pass between two objects. In some conditions this might not be true. 

From a race management perspective, the easy solution is to write into the NoR/SI that the start mark is not surrounded by navigable water to remove any doubt. 
Created: Today 14:53
P
John Allan
Nationality: Australia
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
Mark, Eric,

Firstly, I think Eric's approach was a good one, particularly dealing with a starting mark.

The starting mark described in the OP could be an obstruction because it was so large that it met the substantial change at one boat length criterion in Definition: Obstruction (a), or it might be (e.g. a pile marker) so small that it did not meet that criterion.

If the starting mark was not surrounded by navigable water because it was unsafe to pass between the mark and the nearby danger, then the starting mark was an object that could safely be passed on only one side so it met the criterion in Definnition: Obstruction (b), and was an obstruction,  regardless of its size.

So 'surrounded by navigable water is a useful test because it provides a result regardless of the size of the mark.

The space between the outside of the sunkenn object and the [centre of the] mark is 17.5 ft, suppose the mark itself is 5 ft in diameter, so the 'navigable space' between the mark and the sunken object is 15 ft.

Eric's opinion was that 15 space was sufficient for a 35 ft boat to pass through and hence was navigable water.

I would think that that would require fairly benign conditions.  It is reasonable to consider the straight through course at right angles to the line between the mark and the sunken object in making this judgement.

Mark's examples are of close hauled boats approaching the line between the objects at an oblique angle (and I suspect that the scaling in Mark's diagrams is a little on the skinny side).  I think his judgement that there was insufficient room is OK.

I don't think that 'navigable water' necesssarily implies 'enough space'  
Created: Today 06:15
P
John Allan
Nationality: Australia
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
The next question is 'Is a [starting] mark that is not surrounded by navigable water, and is thus  an obstruction,  necessarily a continuing obstruction?'

Let's consider the OP situation.  The sunken  object is 5 ft in diameter.  The distance between the outside of the channel marker (assumign also a 5 ft diameter) and the outside of the sunken object is thus 25 ft.

We can now apply the definitino of continuing obstruction 'at least 3 hull lengths'.  In the OP case we have a boat of hull length 35  ft, so the channel marker and the sunken object combined are less than 3 hull lengths and therefore do not constitute a continuing obstruction.

So, considereing the applicability of RRS 18 at a start, and assuming that we agree that the mark is NOT surrounded by navigable water:

  • RRS Preamble to Section C does NOT switch off the Mark-Room and Obstruction rules.
  • The mark is an obstruction, but not a continuing obstruction so RRS 18.1(a)(4) does NOT switch off RRS 18
  • an object can be both an obstruction and a mark.
  • RRS 18 applies at the pin in a starting sequence. 
Created: Today 06:32
Robert Pierce
Nationality: United States
Reply to: 21467 - John Allan
Thank you, John Allan.  Your bullets are where I started in the beginning.  You also gave me thoughts on how to turn off Rule 18 in the SI's.  On that, I THINK my idea to increase the definition of the pin is akin to the way SI's deal with keep-off buoys tied to committee boats.  The buoys not only create a restriction line, the buoys are treated as an EXTENSION of the boat/mark. 
Created: Today 14:25
Jim Champ
Nationality: United Kingdom
As a matter of interest, folks, what happens if the white obstruction marker is also defined as a limit mark for the start line?
Created: Today 09:40
P
John Allan
Nationality: Australia
Certifications:
  • National Race Officer
  • National Judge
Reply to: 21469 - Jim Champ
How would that work?  The white float is outside the starting line.

Only way i can see a problem is a boat trying to do a late start at the pin from outside on the course side.
Created: Today 09:46
Mark Townsend
Nationality: United States
Certifications:
  • International Umpire
  • International Race Officer
  • International Judge
You have two objects within three boat lengths of each other. The sunken marine hazard and the permanent red channel mark.

We all seem to agree that the sunken marine hazard is an obstruction and it is not a mark or another boat overlapped with each of them. So rule19 and rule 20 apply between two boats when they are at the sunken marine hazard.

The permanent red channel mark is an obstruction and a mark. You can sail around the mark without leaving the zone. Does this make it a starting mark surrounded by navigable water?
 
image.png
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If we remove the permanent red channel mark and just consider the sunken marine hazard.  Why does Yellow not have to tack?

Yellow is on starboard tack. Blue is overlapped to leeward and will need to make a substantial course change to avoid the sunken marine hazard safely. Blue hails for 'room to tack' under rule 20.1(a). Yellow does not respond either by tacking as soon as possible, or by immediately replying ‘You tack’ and then giving the hailing boat room to tack and avoid her.

Yellow failed to tack as soon as possible after Blue hailed "Room to tack", as required by RRS 20.2(b) and (c).

Yellow DSQ


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Created: Today 13:29
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